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The eastern phoebe (''Sayornis phoebe'') is a small passerine bird. This tyrant flycatcher breeds in eastern North America, although its normal range does not include the southeastern coastal United States. It is migratory, wintering in the southernmost United States and Central America. It is a very rare vagrant to western Europe. This is one of the first birds to return to the breeding grounds in spring and one of the last to leave in the fall. They arrive for breeding in mid-late March, but they return to winter quarters around the same time when other migrant songbirds do, in September and early October; migration times have stayed the same in the last 100 years.〔〔 The increase in trees throughout the Great Plains during the past century due to fire suppression and tree planting facilitated a western range expansion of the eastern phoebe〔Weeks HP. 1994. Eastern Phoebe (''Sayornis phoebe''), no. 94. In: A. Poole (ed.). The Birds of North America Online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York.〕 as well as range expansions of many other species of birds.〔Livezey KB. 2009a. Range expansion of Barred Owls, part I: chronology and distribution. American Midland Naturalist 161:49–56.〕〔Livezey KB. 2009b. Range expansion of Barred Owls, part 2: facilitating ecological changes. American Midland Naturalist 161:323–349.〕〔Livezey KB. 2010. Killing barred owls to help spotted owls II: implications for many other range-expanding species. Northwestern Naturalist 91:251–270.〕 This species appears remarkably big-headed, especially if it puffs up the small crest. Its plumage is gray-brown above. It has a white throat, dirty gray breast and buffish underparts which become whiter during the breeding season. Two indistinct buff bars are present on each wing. Its lack of an eye ring and wingbars, and its all dark bill distinguish it from other North American tyrant flycatchers, and it pumps its tail up and down like other phoebes when perching on a branch. The eastern phoebe's call is a sharp ''chip'', and the song, from which it gets its name, is ''fee-bee''. The eastern wood pewee (''Contopus virens'') is extremely similar in appearance. It lacks the buff hue usually present on the lighter parts of the eastern phoebe's plumage, and thus has always clearly defined and contrasting wing-bars. It also does not bob its tail habitually, and appears on the breeding grounds much later though it leaves for winter quarters at about the same time as the eastern phoebe.〔 The breeding habitat of the eastern phoebe is open woodland, farmland and suburbs, often near water. This phoebe is insectivorous, and often perches conspicuously when seeking food items. It also eats fruits and berries in cooler weather. It often nests on human structures such as bridges and buildings. Nesting activity may start as early as the first days of April.〔 The nest is an open cup with a mud base and lined with moss and grass, built in crevice in a rock or man-made site; two to six eggs are laid. Both parents feed the young and usually raise two broods per year. The eastern phoebe is occasionally host to the nest-parasitic brown-headed cowbird (''Molothrus ater''). ==Photo gallery== File:Sayornis phoebe -Madison, Wisconsin, USA-8.jpg|In Wisconsin File:Sayornis phoebe CT3 crop.jpg|Taken at Cap Tourmente National Wildlife Area, Quebec File:Sayornis phoebe.ogv|At Ripon, Quebec File:Eastern Phoebe-nest-Brown-headed-Cowbird-egg.jpg|Nest with one brown-headed cowbird egg File:PhoebeNest.jpg|Immature birds in a nest, Norman, Oklahoma File:Phoebe, Eastern-Fledgeling.jpg|Older fledglings in nest File:Eastern Phoebe1.jpg|Front view ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「eastern phoebe」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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